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from Francis (1976):
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setting down a piece of new information in writing for the
first time
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continuing a previously original piece of work
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carrying out original worked designed by the supervisor
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providing a single original technique, observation, or
result in an otherwise unoriginal but competent piece of work
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having many original ideas, methods and interpretations all
performed by others under the direction of the postgraduate
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showing originality in testing somebody else's idea
from Phillips (1992):
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carrying out empirical work that has not been done before
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making a synthesis that has not been made before
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using already known material bur with a new interpretation
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trying out something in this country that has previously
only been done in other countries
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taking a particular technique and applying it in a new area
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bringing new evidence to bear on an old issue
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being cross-disciplinary and using different methodologies
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looking at areas that people in the discipline have not
looked at before
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adding to knowledge in a way that has not previously been
done before
quoted in E.M. Phillips and D.S. Pugh, ""How to Get a PhD"
(5th edn), Open University Press, 2010
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